Women Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement Free Essays

string(52) for African American Social and American progress. Ladies coordinators in the Civil Rights development (1950’s-1960’s) Women have consistently been viewed as key parental figure in bringing and creating youngsters up in the general public. During the time of 1950 to 1970, numerous pieces of the world were damaged with social equality development. The developments were portrayed with fights and common obstruction griping about separation financial and political independence. We will compose a custom article test on Ladies Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Ladies took up the activity to take an interest in these developments. This circumstance later prompted genuine showdown between government specialists and activists. A huge number of individuals partook in the common right development of that period particularly in the United States. The key heads of the crusade, incorporate; Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, James Meredith and Medgar Evers, assumed vital jobs for of the accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement in America[1]. This paper covers factors that spurred ladies, the commitments they had, jobs they played just as the issues they experienced during the social liberties development of 1950’s and 1960’s. A large portion of the ladies who were engaged with these developments were conceived during the subjugation time frame, thus the agony and enduring they encountered around then animated them to stand up against persecution. One of the most vocal ladies who began to oppose abuse was Wells Barnett. She started her battle in 1909, by making a trip abroad to look for universal consideration on this issue[2]. She additionally shaped National relationship for the progressed of Colored individuals. Her endeavors were later joined by the battle for sexual orientation sharpening by Mary Church Terrell. She was exceptionally vocal and talked about isolation of the blacks in broad daylight eating joints. She drove a large portion of the residents to blacklists and picketing to stand out to racial injustice[3]. She set up the dark club development that prompted the arrangement of National Association of Colored Women like that of Barnett. She was additionally extremely instrumental in raising socially dynamic establishments, for example, mother clubs and nursery schools. The multi year battles with specialists bow her organic products when the Supreme Court decided that isolation of open eating places was unconstitutional[4]. Another extremely instrumental woman in these developments was Mary McLeod. She frequently cooperated with both Terrell and Barnett. Mary turned into the leader of National Association of Colored Women[5]. Being at the preeminent of the association, she turned into an old buddy of Sara Roosevelt the mother of Franklin Roosevelt city hall leader of New York. She utilized the great affinity she had with this politically persuasive family to proceed with her battle for social equity of the black[6]. She was later selected to be the head of National Youth Council by President Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt took a similar way subsequent to being propelled by Terrell and Mary McLeod. After her significant other was chosen as the 32nd president Eleanor got instrumental in battling bad form by pointing out for universal and national the impacts of abuse and racial segregation. She made an intense stride and left the Daughter of American Revolution since they had contrasted in belief systems. Ella bread cook was another lobbyist who committed her opportunity to take a stand in opposition to mistreatment. She was viewed as the pioneer in the background. She battled to concentrate because of the way that her family was not well of. She graduated and turned into an instructor. She migrated to New York and quit her calling to participate in social change. She engaged with NAACP in the grassroots level in enlisting more individuals to the association. She additionally was instrumental in the development of other little associations, for example, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. These developments later were utilized by Martin Luther King Jr. to sort out his blacklist and peaceful development. The rush of ladies investment in the common development was relentless. Rosa Park, who was broadly viewed as the mother of the social liberties development, was likewise contributed in this battle. She is accepted to have begun the fundamental battle of these social liberties development. She encountered trouble in finishing her instruction because of the exacting guidelines for the dark kids. The dark kids were intended to read for just five moths in a year and the remainder of the year they invested energy in the cotton fields as workers. Rosa moved on from secondary school after she got hitched to Raymond parks[7]. This started her endeavors to battle racial treachery. She joined National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Montgomery part as the main lady. She was extremely instrumental individual from this association and was chosen secretary. Her dynamic inclusion in National Association of Advanced Colored People prompted her capture on 1955[8]. Rosa’s life as an African American kept on confronting difficulties. The abuse she got from the whites while she was in a transport made her to dispatch an enormous blacklist of utilizing Montgomery transports by the Afro-Americans. She chose to compose this blacklist after she got captured for declining to give out her seat to a white traveler in the transport. The blacklist went on for 381 days inciting her to be consumed by the Montgomery Improvement Association which was framed by Martin Luther King Jr[9]. This demonstration of blacklist was trailed by a progression of heightening dissent, developments and insurrections by African Americans. During the ideal opportunity for blacklist Rosa composed for the blacks to get rides from vehicle pool ups and different whites who offered to help. The utilized the trademark ‘don’t utilize the transport today. Don’t use it for opportunity. ’ The boycotters along with Mrs. Rosa Park indicted the case contesting the isolation in buses[10]. They later worn the case after the court administered on their kindness. After the fruitful blacklist Rosa and her families were not secure in Montgomery. They moved to Detroit where she worked for congressman John Conyers. She kept on raising her voice and actuated the adolescent to take up the battle for African American Social and American advancement. You read Ladies Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement in classification Paper models After the ladies political chamber had started the blacklist in Montgomery, Martin Luther lord went to the spotlight assuming all the praise as the pioneer for the peaceful obstruction. Martin Luther King Jr. furthermore, Malcolm X crossed various segments of the nation giving incredible addresses and preparing peaceful developments. Flashes of none rough developments were seen in different pieces of the country[11]. These peaceful developments heightened to vicious racial disobedience in significant urban communities in the U. S. s the development went activist it incited the whites against expert dark arrangements and the police. The achievement of occasions of this decade was at the pinnacle when the Supreme Court chooses the instance of earthy colored v leading b ody of instruction deciding for earthy colored. The court proclaimed that isolation of schools unlawful. In the 1960’s numerous ladies rights bunch were set up to proceed with the battle against racial bad form and abuse. This was the decade that saw dynamic ladies rights development in the United States and around the world. A large portion of these gatherings contained female understudies who upheld for equivalent work open door for the two people. They additionally campaigned for authorization of equivalent rights laws. Soon thereafter national association for ladies was shaped to supplant ladies commission and it proceeded with the battle against sexual separation. The commission was disbanded because of absence of assets. The ladies value activity association established in 1968, looked to examine disparities in personnel pay and advancements of the two people in instruction workforce. These exceptional ladies assumed a significant job in rousing different activists and grassroots pioneers who thusly prepared an ever increasing number of individuals to join the battle. These ladies likewise helped a large number of ladies to pick up their crucial rights as ladies. They were for the most part spurred by the mass adherents they had. Inspiration additionally originated from the cases they had in courts which wound up preferring the blacks and proclaiming the greater part of the isolation illegal. They drew their motivation from social equality development they had sorted out. The associations they were engaged with had a ton of trust in them henceforth they chose these ladies for high posts which supported their circumstance and gave them an advantage in sorting out the struggle[12]. To conquer the issues they experienced they shaped associations, for example, national Organization for ladies. National Organization of Women key order was to edify the ladies to completely take an interest in mainstreaming of American culture. These associations united them in solidarity and expanded their mindfulness on basic issues that influence them. This empowered them to have a solid voice over the abuse and disregard they were confronting and constrained the government to uphold the law. The belief systems instigated by certain dark force development were dangerous and cultivated social clash. This represented a test to the endeavors of the ladies who sorted out developments previously. The other significant test that influenced these gallant ladies is the way that the vast majority of the compelling pioneers, who had gone with the same pattern to lead mass development, wound up being captured or assassinated[13]. A genuine model is the instances of Malcolm x and Martin Luther King. The women’s resolve was sabotaged by these demonstrations. The incomparability of the white additionally sabotaged their endeavors as in they appeared to twist the law on their kindness and mistreated the blacks in all divisions. The common war heighten

Comparative Advantage Concept and Benefits of Outcome Essay Example

Relative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome Essay From Wikipedia, the free reference book Jump to: route, search In financial matters, the law of similar favorable position alludes to the capacity of a gathering (an individual, a firm, or a nation) to deliver a specific decent or administration at a lower opportunity cost than another gathering. It is the capacity to deliver an item with the most noteworthy relative productivity given the various items that could be created. 1][2] It can be stood out from supreme preferred position which alludes to the capacity of involved with produce a specific decent at a lower total expense than another. Relative favorable position clarifies how exchange can make an incentive for the two gatherings in any event, when one can create all products with less assets than the other. The net advantages of such a result are called gains from exchange. It is the principle idea of the unadulterated hypothesis of universal exchange. Substance | |[hide] | |1 Origins of the hypothesis | |2 Examples | |2. 1 E xample 1 | |2. Model 2 | |2. 3 Example 3 | |3 Effect of exchange costs | |4 Effects on the economy | |5 Considerations | |5. 1 Development financial matters | |5. Free versatility of capital in a globalized world | |6 See likewise | |7 Notes | |8 References | |9 External connections | [pic][edit] Origins of the hypothesis Comparative bit of leeway was first depicted by Robert Torrens in 1815 out of an exposition on the Corn Laws. He finished up it was to Englands bit of leeway to exchange with Portugal as an end-result of grain, despite the fact that it may be conceivable to deliver that grain more economically in England than Portugal. Nonetheless, the idea is generally ascribed to David Ricardo who clarified it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in a model including England and Portugal. [3] In Portugal it is conceivable to deliver both wine and fabric with less work than it would take to create similar amounts in England. Anyway the overall expenses of delivering those two merchandise are distinctive in the two nations. We will compose a custom article test on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In England it is difficult to create wine, and just tolerably hard to deliver material. In Portugal both are anything but difficult to create. Hence while it is less expensive to deliver fabric in Portugal than England, it is less expensive still for Portugal to create overabundance wine, and exchange that for English material. On the other hand England profits by this exchange since its expense for creating fabric has not changed however it would now be able to get wine at a lower value, closer to the expense of material. The end drawn is that every nation can pick up by spend significant time in the great where it has relative favorable position, and exchanging that useful for the other. edit] Examples The accompanying theoretical models clarify the thinking behind the hypothesis. In Example 2 all presumptions are emphasized for simple reference, and some are clarified toward the finish of the model. [edit] Example 1 Two men live alone on a confined island. To endure they should em brace a couple of fundamental monetary exercises like water conveying, angling, cooking and safe house development and support. The principal man is youthful, solid, and taught. He is additionally quicker, better, and progressively profitable at everything. He has an outright favorable position in all exercises. The subsequent man is old, frail, and uneducated. He has an outright detriment in every single monetary movement. In certain exercises the distinction between the two is extraordinary; in others it is little. In spite of the way that the more youthful man has total favorable position in all exercises, it isn't in light of a legitimate concern for both of them to work in confinement since the two of them can profit by specialization and trade. On the off chance that the two men isolate the work as indicated by relative favorable position, at that point the youngster will have practical experience in undertakings at which he is generally gainful, while the more seasoned man will focus on errands where his profitability is just somewhat less than that of the youngster. Such a game plan will build all out creation for a given measure of work provided by the two men and it will profit them two. [edit] Example 2 Suppose there are two nations of equivalent size, Northland and Southland, that both deliver and expend two products, food and garments. The beneficial limits and efficiencies of the nations are to such an extent that if the two nations dedicated every one of their assets to food creation, yield would be as per the following: †¢ Northland: 100 tons †¢ Southland: 400 tons If all the assets of the nations were distributed to the creation of garments, yield would be: †¢ Northland: 100 tons Southland: 200 tons Assuming every ha steady open door expenses of creation between the two items and the two economies have full work consistently. All elements of creation are portable inside the nations among garments and food businesses, yet are stable between the nations. The value system must be attempting to give immaculate rivalry. Southl and has a flat out preferred position over Northland in the creation of food and garments. There is by all accounts no common advantage in exchange between the economies, as Southland is progressively effective at creating the two items. The open door costs shows in any case. Northlands opportunity cost of delivering one ton of food is one ton of garments and the other way around. Southlands opportunity cost of one ton of food is 0. 5 ton of garments, and its chance expense of one ton of garments is 2 tons of food. Southland has a near bit of leeway in food creation, on account of its lower opportunity cost of creation as for Northland, while Northland has a similar favorable position in garments creation, as a result of its lower opportunity cost of creation as for Southland. To show these diverse open door costs lead to shared advantage if the nations practice creation and exchange, consider the nations deliver and devour just locally. The volumes are: |Production and utilization before exchange | |Country |Food |Clothes | |Northland |50 | |Southland |200 |100 | |TOTAL |250 |150 | This model remembers no plan of the inclinations of shoppers for the two economies which would permit the assurance of the universal swapping scale of garments and food. Given the creation capacities of every nation, with the goal for exchange to be beneficial Northland requires a cost of at any rate one ton of food in return for one ton of garments; and Southland requires at any rate one ton of garments for two tons of food. The trade cost will be somewhere close to the two. The rest of the model works with a worldwide exchanging cost of one ton of nourishment for 2/3 ton of garments. On the off chance that both have practical experience in the merchandise in which they have similar favorable position, their yields will be: |Production after exchange | |Country |Food |Clothes | |Northland |0 |100 | |Southland |300 |50 | |TOTAL |300 |150 | World creation of food expanded. garments creation continued as before. Utilizing the conversion standard of one ton of nourishment for 2/3 ton of garments, Northland and Southland can exchange to yield the accompanying degree of utilization: |Consumption after exchange | |Country |Food |Clothes | Northland |75 |50 | |Southland |225 |100 | |World all out |300 |150 | Northland exchanged 50 tons of garments for 75 tons of food. Both profited, and now expend at focuses outside their creation plausibility wildernesses. Suppositions in Example 2: †¢ Two nations, two products the hypothesis is the same for bigger quantities of nations and merchandise, however the standards are more clear and the contention simpler to follow in thi s less difficult case. †¢ Equal size economies once more, this is a rearrangements to deliver a more clear model. Full business in the event that one or other of the economies has not exactly full work of components of creation, at that point this overabundance limit should generally be spent before the relative preferred position thinking can be applied. †¢ Constant open door costs an increasingly practical treatment of chance costs the thinking is comprehensively the equivalent, yet specialization of creation must be taken to where the open door costs in the two nations become equivalent. This doesn't refute the standards of similar favorable position, however it limits the size of the advantage. Ideal portability of variables of creation inside nations this is important to permit creation to be exchanged without cost. In genuine economies this cost will be caused: capital will be tied up in plant (sewing machines are not planting machines) and work should be retrained a nd moved. This is the reason it is now and again contended that early enterprises ought to be shielded from completely changed universal exchange during the period in which a significant expense of passage into the market (capital gear, preparing) is being paid for. Stability of variables of creation between nations for what reason are there various paces of efficiency? The cutting edge adaptation of similar favorable position (created in the mid twentieth century by the Swedish financial analysts Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin) credits these distinctions to contrasts in countries factor gifts. A country will have near favorable position in creating the decency that utilizes seriously the factor it delivers liberally. For instance: assume the US has a general wealth of capital and India has an overall bounty of work. Assume further that vehicles are capital concentrated to deliver, while fabric is work serious. At that point the US will have a similar preferred position in making vehicles, and India will have a near bit of leeway in making fabric. In the event that there is universal factor portability this can change countries relative fac

Life Is A Journey Compare and Contrast Essay

Life is an excursion that starts when you are conceived. Through this excursion, we see and hear numerous things that change the manner in which we consider the individuals who impact us just as our general surroundings. Jack Kerouac’s On the Road, is an extraordinary case of the topic â€Å"life is a journey†. This epic is around two characters, Sal Paradise, a youthful essayist, and Dean Moriarty, a wild youth who makes every moment count. Together they go all around America; their excursions incorporate going through the wild, unassuming communities, wildernesses, and deserts. The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter by James S. Hirsch is an anecdote about a boxing legend that is surrounded by a slanted cop for a homicide he didn’t submit. Carter went through twenty-two years of his life in jail for something he didn’t do, yet as opposed to feeling frustrated about himself Carter attempted to do his absolute best to demonstrate his honesty. He composed a personal history in jail, which eventually helped in drawing out reality and he would get his equity. see more:city and town life There are a wide range of topics in On the Road, however life is an excursion is the most grounded topic in this novel. By perusing the title alone this topic is prevailing, on the grounds that Sal and Dean are continually venturing out starting with one spot then onto the next. Sal is a befuddled individual, who can’t conclude whether to carry on with a customary life by settling down and beginning a family or to go around appreciating life like his companion Dean. Senior member carries on with an actual existence liberated from weight, and obligation and he appears to be cheerful all through the novel. He is the presumably the most intriguing character with regards to On the Road since he is basically what the various characters in the novel need to be. Senior member entrances Sal, and they become truly dear companions. They start a fretful excursion going to and fro the nation over. They go to Denver, California, New Orleans, San Francisco, New York, and afterward Mexico City. Sal begins the book as being discouraged, gains joy, certainty, and becomes hopelessly enamored toward the end. The topic of life is an excursion is likewise an exceptionally conspicuous topic in The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter. Carter goes from being a contender for the middleweight boxing crown to prison, accused of murders. The preliminary was racially one-sided, on the grounds that Rubin Carter and John Artis, a colleague of Carter’s, were the main dark individuals in the court, both blameless men were condemned to life in jail. While in jail, Carter would not act like a liable man by not wearing the jail uniform, or eating jail food,â and declining to see a probation officer. He composed an auto-memoir entitled The Sixteenth Round: From Number 1 Contender to #45472, with this book he would meet a gathering of Canadians that would assist him with turning into a liberated person. Carter lost his family, boxing profession, and 22 years of his life, yet he would not permit the harshness defeat him. At the point when Carter was at long last discharged in 1988, he stated: â€Å"If I have adapted nothing else throughout everyday life, I’ve discovered that sharpness onlyâ consumes the vessel that contains it. What's more, for me to allow bitternessâ to control or contaminate my life in any capacity at all, would be to allowâ those who detained me to take much more than the twenty-two years they’ve effectively taken. Presently, that would make me an accessory to their crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Life is certainly not a still or brief occasion. It is a procedure of movement, an excursion with many good and bad times. The characters in both On the Road and The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter experienced various feelings. The two books had remarkable excursions through life, with both consummation in a positive way.

About Langston Hughes and his poems - Free Essay Example

After researching Langston Hughes, we can see many thoughts that inspired his poems. Although he touched on several different subjects, some strong thoughts came to light through his works. Setting is a key part of his poems as he lays the foundation for his thoughts and creativity. During the great migration in the 1900s, when many African Americans moved from the south to the north, many went to a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York. Harlem was the birthplace of blues and jazz by African Americans. These influences created the Harlem renaissance, which was the visual arts, and theatrical movement that helped to create a new identify for African Americans. Langston Hughes was an accomplished poet who used his writing skills to help fight against racism since he was a young child and he was part of this movement James Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were James Hughes and Carrie Langston. They separated shortly after he was born. His father relocated to Mexico. Langston Hughes was raised primarily by his grandmother. His mother moved around a lot during his youth. When his grandmother died in his early teens, Langston went to live with his mother. They moved to several cities before settling in Cleveland, Ohio. During these times, is when Langston began to write poetry. He was introduced to poetry by one of his school teachers. The first poets he discovered were Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman. Hughes was a contributor to his schools magazine. In addition to his high school magazine, he would also submit his poetry to other poetry magazines. His poetry was rejected many times He wrote the poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers the summer after his graduation from high school in Cleveland. It was published in The Crisis in 1921. He enjoyed exploring Harlem after he was a student at Columbia University in New York City in 1921. During this time he formed an attachment to Harlem and he referred to as the great dark k city. In 1924 he met with the writers Arna Bontemps and Carl Van Vechten. Langston had a lifelong friendship with both. In 1925, Hughes won an Opportunity magazine poetry prize. During that same year, Van Vechten introduced Hughess poetry to the publisher Alfred A. Knopf. The Weary Blues was published in 1926 by Knopf. In 1925, Hughes was working as a busboy in a hotel in Washington, D. C. He put three of his own poems beside the plate of Vachel Lindsay in the dining room. The next day, newspapers around the country reported that Lindsay, among the most popular white poets of the day, had discovered an African American busboy poet. This helped Hughes gain greater exposure. Langston Hughes received a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in early 1926. He also received the Witter Bynner Undergraduate Poetry Award that same year. In addition to these accomplishments he published The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain in The Nation , a manifesto in which he called for a confident, uniquely black literature: In 1929, Langston Hughes received his degree. He also helped launch the influential magazine Fire. Hughes had also published a second collection of poetry, called Fine Clothes to the Jew (1927); this was criticized for its title and for its boldness. Hughes thought it was an improvement in his writing.

How Dance Reflects Culture - 1224 Words

How Dance Reflects Culture. Dance occupies an important place or rather is seen as an important factor in the social structure of all human cultures throughout history. Dance tells us something about the way people think, what they feel and who they are. Dance is commonly defined as a form of human expression through body movement. But dance simply cannot be reduced merely to just movement. There are a number of theoretical definitions of dance either classifying it as a conscious way of rhythmic movements of the body in a defined bounded space or a specific art movement, based on the expressive moves of the human body. However, these theoretical definitions of dance usually overlook many symbolic aspects of dance. It is an essential part of a culture. Dance can be done for many reasons, for example, dance is used to protest oppression, provide some form of therapy, a preservation of culture or simply just for pleasure. Just like music, some cultures do not have a name or word to describe dance but, the same action is performed. The primary tool of dance is the human body. The body is not designed to be rigid. The body comes first, there is no distinction between body and mind. Dance is a form or nonverbal communication, the ambiguous nature of it give it a great about of power. The body is not just a template where culture is painted on; it is an active role in the creation of cultural meaning. Whatever happens inside or around the community will affect their cultureShow MoreRelatedSignificance Of The Human Experience1306 Words   |  6 Pagesover how to represent the human experience and not simply â€Å"bodies† have emerged within our world and society. However, a possible solution to such questions can be found through the study of dance and dance ethnography. Even though ethnographic research often uses music and visuals to demonstrate human experience, the filming of dance can be used as a more vivid and valuable way to highlight the diversity of human behavior. Even though there is still debate over visual representation and how to accuratelyRead MoreOvercoming Obstacles : A Close Look At Daniel Canogar s Video Instillation Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagessymbolically demonstrates the overcoming of life’s obstacles, while engaging spectators as participants (Nuit Blanche Toronto, 2016). Furthermore, this installation is a form of ethnic dance that demonstrates universality in the struggles individuals face within a community. On the day of October 1, 2016, a few dance friends and I attended Nuit Blanche and our first stop was Asalto Toronto. When approaching the installation, I was open-minded because this was my first experience at Nuit Blanche.Read MoreAsante And Samoan Dancing : Similarities And Differences1232 Words   |  5 PagesTripp Professor Rogers Dance 105 18 July 2017 Asante and Samoan Dancing Two dances that I chose to compare and contrast were Asante and Samoan. These two cultures are very interesting to learn about and both of their dances were very entertaining to watch. They had their similarities and differences, but ultimately had one goal when performing and that was to exude joy and entertain those who were watching while they performed with their cultures throughout their dance. While wearing their detailedRead MoreA Brief Look at Bharatanatyam1597 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"India’s precious heritage of music, drama and dance is one which we must cherish and develop. We must do so not only for our own sake but also for our contributions to the cultural heritage of mankind. Nowhere is it truer than in the field of art that to sustain means to create. Traditions cannot be preserved but can only be created afresh. It will be the aim of this Akademi to preserve our traditions by offering them an institutional form†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Maulana Azad, 28th January 1953, inaugurationRead MoreThe Between Dance And The Self975 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves in relation to dance, and performance as a whole is presented as an outlet and a means to attain freedom. Yet, the relationship between dance and the self is also antithetical as, whilst individual characters escape social definition through the act of dance, the act itself defines them. This can be seen especially in relation to the female identity that is imposed with sexual objectivity through d ance. 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Dance in this case is placed under the subculture of sports; sports in many ways obtain special kinds of standards within the culture. Sports value the need for strength and courage to be the best;

Raising Children in Tomorrows World - 1120 Words

‘Raising children in tomorrow’s world will be more challenging than ever before.’ Discuss. The ancient proverb â€Å"it takes a village to raise a child† illustrates the arduousness of raising children. One’s children are probably the biggest, most uncertain and risky investment in his or her life. Judging by the popularity of self-help books on how to bring up children ‘correctly’, it is evident that many parents are having trouble in child-raising, and are desperately seeking help in it. However, this is not a new phenomenon as parenting troubles have a long history. Today, the problem has manifested in our modern world and parents still face a load of challenges in raising their children and these problems are set to worsen due to the†¦show more content†¦The internet is another source of influence. Children may stumble upon mature content like pornography. Studies have shown that children exposed to mature content at a young age are more likely to grow up being promiscuous themselves. Proper upbringing by parents can make a child le ss likely to be a delinquent later in life. Therefore in this aspect, raising children in tomorrow’s world will be more challenging then before. As modernization and globalization takes place, the standard of living increases and this means that parents will need to dedicate more time to work for a higher pay check. Furthermore, in light of the global recession, parents are likely to work harder to keep their jobs. This limits the time they get to spend with their children which in turn leads to lesser time to teach and guide the children. It may seem ironic that many parents are working so hard to bring home bread and give their children a good life and education but sequentially have no time to spare time when it comes to the upbringing of the children. 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Accounting Information System Accepted Principles of GAAP

Question: Describe about the Accounting Information System for Accepted Principles of GAAP. Answer: Introduction The Accounting Information System (AIS) is defined as the process that collects, stores and processes both the financial and accounting data (Moghadam et al., 2013). These data are generally used by the internal users of an organization in order to report the particular data and information to the tax authorities, creditors and investors. An accounting information system is usually a computer-based process that helps to track all the accounting activities of a business of an organization in conjunction with the resources of information technology. It has been found that the accounting information system mainly unites the traditional practices of accounting like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) with the modern resources of information technology (Prasad Green, 2015). AIS include various elements that play an important role in the accounting cycle. These elements include the information and data that are related to the expenses, revenue, employee information, tax in formation and customer information. The specific data involves sales orders along with analysts reports, invoices, purchase requisites, check resisters, inventory, ledger, payroll, financial statement information and trial balance. Thus, selection of proper AIS/ ERP system is a mandatory factor as it helps an organization to make decision regarding investment in accounting software, as it depends on the various types and size of business (Soudani, 2012). Therefore, in this report, the business process of B Bakery along with the business requirements have been analyzed in order to determine the required systems and also to select the accurate software and vendor for better running of the firm. The Process of Business A baker is defined as an individual who bakes cakes and breads and sell them in the market. The cakes and breads are baked by help of oven or other concerted heat sources. The workplace that is used by a baker to bake and make the products like cakes and breads is known as bakery (Du, Huddart Xue, 2015). It can also be said that a baker is a specialized person who is also known as Pastry Chef. Baker can be of various types like Commercial Baker, Retail Baker, Bread Maker, Bakery Chef and Baked Goods Producer (Hall, 2012). A baker is a person who mixes and bakes the ingredients as per the recipes in order to make different kinds of pastries, breads and other baked products. Generally, these baked food items are sold by the wholesalers, grocers, institutional food services and restaurants. It has been found that usually, a baker check the quality of all the ingredients that are required for making any baked products (Abbasi, 2014). These ingredients commonly vary along with the recip e of the food items. In addition to this, a baker prepares the equipments that are required for baking and these equipments also vary with the different food items. A baker also weights and measures the flour and the other ingredients and mixes the measured ingredients by the help of a blender or a mixer. Moreover, a baker is also responsible for kneading, rolling, cutting and shaping the dough (Romney Steinbart, 2015). Then, the baker places the dough in the pan, then molds on the sheets and places this on oven temperatures for baking the particular food item on grills and/ or in hot ovens. Lastly, a baker observes the color change of the baked food item and its state and applies icings, glazes or any other toppings on the baked final product by using brushes and/ or spatulas (Domeika, 2015). The Key Activities of the Business The key activities of the particular business that is the bakery firm include production of the bakery food products, distribution of the manufactured products to target customers and target markets, accounting of the operational activities of the firm manually and employment of the staffs (Dooley, 2015). In addition to these, the other activities of the particular bakery firm involve baking accurately in proper oven temperatures, to fulfill the personnel responsibilities and to maintain inventory of the firm. Moreover, budgeting and cleanliness and safety are also considered as the key activities of the bakery business. Production of the Bakery Food Products The particular organization B Bakery mainly highlights on the manufacturing of bread and other products of confectionary. This also puts spotlight on the health factors of all the food items (Reimers, 2014). Distribution of the Manufactured Products The specified firm B Bakery also sells its manufactured products by help of various distribution channels that involve many pub-chains and supermarkets. Manual Accounting of the Operational Activities It has been found that the specified firm maintains all its accounts of the business activities manually. Thus, the firm has employed an accountant to the business whose function is to record all the transactions of the business and its accounts and also to organize the financial statements of the firm for every year (Dillard Yuthas, 2013). Employment of Staffs As per the case study, the bakery firm B Bakery has employed about 70 employees in order to conduct the operations of the particular business. It has been found that the firm also maintains the salary accounts of its employees through the manual procedure (Zhou, Hou Zong, 2016). Thus, there is a high probability that the firm might make mistake regarding the method of payment and the salary accounts of its employees. Development of Business Requirements Implementation of Essential Business Processes For operating and regulating any business, a huge number of processes or activities are required in order to run the particular business successfully. However, among all, a few of the activities are considered as indispensable (Collier, 2015). For the B Bakery, the activities that can be considered as the most important processes for the operation and regulation of the firm include the identification of the cost of sales, periodical analysis and cost effective process for production. In addition to these, this also includes the proper structure for payroll, information analysis and preparation of financial statements and payment of tax (Meyssonnier Pourtier, 2013). As per the detailed analysis of the particular case study of B Bakery, it can be said that in the last year, the rate of turnover of the organization was quite impressive. The revenue of the firm for the last year was noted to be more than $ 13.5 million and the business was running for more than 50 years. It has been found that the firm employed around 70 staffs, thus, based on all these data, the specified organization can be classified as the medium scale business. Additionally, the organization is enjoying a continuous growth over a few years for some of its unique products. The matter that is concerned is the deficit of proper accounting and the system of recording data. The particular organization should incorporate the below mentioned processes of business in order to make the activities of the business more efficient (Christensen Feltham, 2012). Identification of Cost of Sales The particular organization belongs to the bakery industry, thus, it can be said that the activities of the firm deals with manufacturing. In addition to this, the organization manufactures different types of products that involve various processes and materials. Thus, the specified organization should incorporate an accurate system of accounting that can identify the manufacturing expenses of all the products accurately (Lim, 2013). Cost Effective Process for Production The system of producing various food items should be accounted in such a way that is able to control the expenses of the products and can also help in developing more production systems that will be cost efficient (Li Bai, 2014). Periodical Analysis The bakery is a FMCG manufacturer, thus, it should incorporate such processes that can easily analyze the financial condition of the organization for a short duration. An Accurate Structure for Payroll A proper system of accounting as well as a proper structure of payroll are necessary for paying the salary and the other contributions and are paid to the staffs of the firm (Fang Shu, 2016). Information Analysis It has been found that there are different types of information that are related to the activities of business and these should be analyzed and preserved accurately by help of implementation of appropriate techniques (Demski, 2013). Preparation of Financial Statement The particular firm prepares financial statement each year but there should be an accurate system through which the organization can prepare the crucial configuration of financial statements during any time of the year based on the financial information of the specified period (KneÃ…Â ¾eviĆ¡, StankoviĆ¡ Tepavac, 2012). Payment of Tax For any organization, tax is considered as an important debt. Thus, the organizations should uphold such methods that can make the process of tax return much easier. Required Outcomes for Achieving Business Objectives It has been found that the implementation of essential business processes is required as the proper outcomes or results are necessarily required for achieving the objectives of the organization. Therefore, in order to analyze the above mentioned procedures, the following outcomes can be delivered and these might help the organization to run profitably and successfully. Improved Pricing Strategy It has been noted that the cost of sales is considered as the basic structure for constructing the selling price of a product or a service. Thus, it is important for the management department of a firm to incorporate an accurate system of costing as thus will help the particular organization to identify the proper cost of sales (Tazik Mohamed, 2014). In addition to this, the strategy of implementing proper or accurate pricing method will guide the specified organization in order to identify the selling prices of the food products in a proper way. Moreover, the determination of the selling prices of the various food products will also help the firm to change, modify and implement the accurate strategy of pricing, whenever it is needed easily (Anandarajan, Anandarajan Srinivasan, 2012). Cost Effective System for Production As per the case study, the particular company B Bakery is a firm that belongs to bakery industry. Therefore, the activities of the firm can be considered as manufacturing. Thus, as per the manufacturing unit, it has been observed that within the particular organization, there are several indirect costs that generally increase due to ineffective consumption of labor or material (Codreanu et al., 2012). The system of cost control is capable to identify the factors that are responsible for ineffective utilization and it also helps the organization to abolish or to diminish these factors. Superior Control over the Financial Performances It has been found that according to the periodical analysis of the information and data that are related to the financial matters, the specified organization B Bakery will analyze its financial situation in detail. The reason behind this is that it will help the management department of the organization to understand the performances of the firm for short period of time (Hopwood, Leiner Young, 2012). Thus, it can be said that it will become easier for the management team to take various defensive measures. However, if the outcome of the analysis would become negative and identify some positive traits for the achievement of the firm for a short duration and can use the factors for long run. Increases the Profitability of the Firm The reduction or the elimination of the factors for excessive expenses and the improvement of the effectiveness of the production level and the other activities of the business helps to increase the profitability of the organization (Salehi Abdipour, 2013). In addition to these, the particular organization B Bakery is also capable to analyze the data and information that are associated with the present condition of the market and its competitors in order to set the strategies of marketing properly. Determination of the Requirements of Systems It has been found that any organization including the bakery firm needs proper accounting software that should possesses the following characteristics: Cost Analysis Particular software of accounting should possess some specific characteristics that might record the cost of production efficiently. In addition to this, the accounting software should also be capable in producing financial reports as per the demand or requirement (Iskandar, 2015). Moreover, the specified accounting software can represent the contrast between the different types of cost items for different time periods. Recording of Documentation A medium-sized business entity generally has 1000s of accounting transactions within a particular accounting year. It can be said from the view point of an accounting expert that all the accounting transactions are uniformly relevant and significant, especially for the financial statements of the organization. In addition to this, the financial statements of the prior fiscal time period are also needed in order to evaluate the business performance. Thus, the particular accounting software should possess the system of recording the information and data sporadically (Zhuang, 2014). The reason behind this is that this recording process will help to bring out the information whenever required and can be extracted from the software. Financial Structure (Basic) Accounting software facilitates the basic structure of financing. Thus, it should comprise of accurate systems in order to account the creditors, inventories and debtors. On the other hand, the payroll accounting system helps in recording the payment of salary and other benefits of the staffs (financial). Additionally, the software should comprise of certain features that will help to trace the cash transactions on a daily basis and should also provide information in a summarized manner regarding the financial statements (Iskandar, 2015). Moreover, the software should be regulated by using internal network of the business and security should also be implemented, such that only the selected individuals can get access to important information and data. Selection of Software Accounting Software Package Vendors According to the above stated requirements, there are mainly three vendors for accounting package that have been chosen and its details regarding the individual accounting software packages have been gone through from various websites. The key vendors are MYOB, DacEasy and SAP. Selection of Type of Accounting Software According to Zare et al. (2013), there are different types of accounting software accessible in the present market. However, the particular firm B Bakery has an only option to choose the most accurate one among all the different types of accounting software based on the structure of the specified business and its system of accounting. Opined to Ahmad (2013), the accounting software can be characterized into three segments, these include low-end software, medium-end software and high-end software. Low-end Software for Accounting It has been found that the low-end software for accounting is appropriate for those firms that are very small in size and are regulated by the individual professionals, such as doctors, advocates and many more. This particular type of software has been structured on the basis of the single accounting system. Medium-end Software for Accounting Wu, Yuan Ren, (2012) stated that the medium-end software for accounting has been mainly structured on the basis of the double entry system. This particular software also covers the basic features of accounting for a business venture. In addition to this, it has been found that the medium-end software for accounting is capable to fulfill the key requirements of the firms that are considered as profit-earning business. High-end Software for Accounting It has been noted that the high-end software for accounting is also considered as the highly progressive technology that generally acts as an efficient factor for the advanced system of accounting (Du, Huddart Xue, 2015). This network system of the firm should be improved for superior implementation of the particular software. Therefore, it can be said that the particular firm B Bakery should choose the medium-end software of accounting for running the operations of the business venture. This will help the firm to serve its purpose effectively and efficiently. However, the implementation of the high-end software of accounting would become much expensive for this medium-sized firm and it will also need a long period of time for incorporating the particular software. Selection of Vendor Comparison between the Features of Accounting Software Packages According to Fang Shu (2016), it can be said that the two software packages for accounting that are suitable or appropriate for the small and medium sized businesses include MYOB and DacEasy. From the detailed analysis, it can be said that both the mentioned software that is MYOB and DacEasy are composed of four sections, these are creditors, debtors, stock and pay structure. It has been found that the financial reports of the business are generally prepared in a several numbers of ways. However, the software analysis can be done based on various grounds like ease in utilization of the software, helps in documentation, alternatives of reporting and its scalability. Supporting in Documentation It can be said that both the printed and online documents can be prepared by utilizing both the mentioned software systems. The DacEasy software helps an organization to find a correct location within the index. From the detailed analysis, it has been noted that there are different alternatives, which helps the management department to search by using the help button that is located on the screen (Anandarajan, Anandarajan Srinivasan, 2012). On the other hand, in case of MOB, the button is present on each screen and thus the information and data can be generated quickly. Structure of Payment The DacEasy software helps to set up direct deposits. In addition to this, DacEasy software generally characterizes the tax deposits, quarter, employees, yearend and month with the aim to construct the structure of payment. In case of MYOB, the structure of payment can be managed by utilizing many alternatives; however, the status of the staffs cannot be individualized. Expenses and Scalability The difference between the strategy or pattern of pricing of both the software DacEasy software and MYOB cannot be specified. The version of single use of both systems have been sold, however, the version of multiple user are networked. Simplicity in Using the Particular Software System The structure of the MYOB is comparatively simpler and is also convenient for using. Thus it helps the beginners of the financial management to map the accounting tasks. Additionally, the process of installation of MYOB is also very easy and any part of this program is accessible by using the navigation bar (Reimers, 2014). On the contrary, DacEasy software is able to operate easily and the consumer has an alternative of navigation by screen from one section to another. The tool bars design is not suitable for the consumers as the structure is not designed accurately. Time Scheduling DacEasy software provides the option of time billing; however the section of payroll can be filled with the data of time billing (Prasad Green, 2015). Thus, the billing report is obtained at time, whereas, for MYOB, the billing time along with reference can be set for respective terms of credit. Alternatives of Reporting The flexibility of DacEasy to generate the report is lower and it is able to create fifty different kinds of reports. On the contrary, MYOB can produce more than 190 kinds of reports and this might help to capture and present the data regarding employees, vendors, customers and company. Creditors In DacEasy, the vendor section is composed of many accounts payable, like managing vendors, printing cheques, purchase order and quotes (Du, Huddart Xue, 2015). On the contrary, MYOB supports e-payment and quotes, purchase orders and tax forms can be printed easily. Additionally, it has been noted that through this software, credit memos cannot be developed for the vendors. Debtors DacEasy helps to characterize the details of customers like banking, sales, invoices and many more. The products to be transported cannot be anticipated and the invoices through email cannot be sent by utilizing the particular system (Soudani, 2012). On the contrary, MYOB can easily manage the accounts receivable. Moreover, calculations of incomes, customer charges and different charges that are associated with finance can be perform simply. However, the shipping costs and shipping cannot be estimated and traced respectively, as this particular software does not offer shipment instrument. Selection of the Most Suitable Vendor It can be said that implementation of MYOB is appropriate for the bakery business as it guides to produce various financial reports and is much user-friendly. There is no significance between the differences of costs as the cost of both the packages is similar to each other. The structure as well as the process of installation is relatively simpler for MYOB than DacEasy (Domeika, 2015). MYOB provides two way facility of transfer, however, it is absent in case of DacEasy. It can be said that MYOB is much flexible than DacEasy, thus it provides the facility of billing time which is not provided by DacEasy. Moreover, in case of MYOB, inventory cost can be calculated with the help of both FIFO and LIFO, standard and average costs (Hall, 2012). Additionally, the beginners in the sector of financial management also use MYOB for its simplicity and easy process of installation. Therefore, a medium sized firm like B Bakery can run its operations by implementation of MYOB accounting software. This also offers opportunity to print even the financial charges that are associated with customers. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that for the medium-sized bakery business B Bakery, implementation of MYOB accounting software is the most appropriate one. The reason behind this is that it serves facility to print, even the financial charges like purchase order, tax forms and invoices that are related to the firms customers. Moreover, MYOB supports multiple users in the level of security that helps to transmit the data over the firm or internet. Additionally, MYOB is simple to use and install and is also cheap. References Abbasi, H. (2014). Role of Management Accounting Information System in Organizations.Journal of Business and Technovation,2(1), 96-102. Ahmad, M. A. (2013). Effect of E-Commerce on Accounting Information System, Computerization Process and Cost Productivity.American Journal of Computer Technology and Application,1(1), 01-06. Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A., Srinivasan, C. A. (Eds.). (2012).Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Business Media. Christensen, P. O., Feltham, G. (2012).Economics of Accounting: Information in markets(Vol. 1). Springer. Codreanu, D. E., Parpandel, D. E., Popa, I., Tenovici, C. O. (2012). FINANCIAL-ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMSRATIO BETWEEN ACCOUNTING ORGANISATION SYSTEM AND INFORMATIC APPROACH.Anale. Seria Ã…Å ¾tiinÃ…Â £e Economice. TimiÃ…Å ¸oara, (XVIII), 580-584. Collier, P. M. (2015).Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Demski, J. (2013).Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media. Dillard, J., Yuthas, K. (2013). Critical dialogics, agonistic pluralism, and accounting information systems.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(2), 113-119. Domeika, P. (2015). Creation of the Information System of Enterprise Fixed Asset Accounting.Engineering Economics,60(5). Dooley, D. A. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/593,438. Du, K., Huddart, S., Xue, L. (2015). Accounting Information Systems and Asset Prices. Fang, J., Shu, L. (2016). Modern Accounting Information System Security (AISS) Research Based on IT Technology. Hall, J. A. (2012).Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Hopwood, W. S., Leiner, J. J., Young, D. G. R. (2012).Forensic accounting and fraud examination. McGraw-Hill. Iskandar, D. (2015). Analysis of factors affecting the success of the application of accounting information system.International Journal of scientific Technology research,4(2). KneÃ…Â ¾eviĆ¡, S., StankoviĆ¡, A., Tepavac, R. (2012). Accounting Information System as a Platform for Business and Financial Decision-Making in the Company.Management (1820-0222), (65). Li, Z. W., Bai, D. (2014). Research on accounting decision support system based on data warehouse and data mining. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 989, pp. 4819-4822). Trans Tech Publications. Lim, F. P. C. (2013). 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Weapons of Mass Destruction The Terrorist Threat

Introduction In 1945, the U.S. caused an extensive obliteration when it dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which also ended the Second World War. This incident made the whole world to come to terms with the threat that weapons of mass destruction (WMD) pose to the world security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regrettably, as the major countries have agreed to stop the use of WMD, terror groups have made efforts to acquire and use them for causing havoc in various places around the world. Worse still, technological advancement of this century has increased the possibility of their construction and smuggling for illicit use in almost everywhere in the world. This paper provides an assessment on how a significant terrorist WMD attack can be conducted. Lacy and Benedek note, â€Å"WMD are used to kill large numbers of people, destroy large amounts of property, achieve political goals, and create terror, chaos, and social disruption† (2003, para. 2). They also say that the weapons include â€Å"biological or chemical agents, nuclear weapons, conventional bombs contaminated with radioactive materials, large conventional or â€Å"truck† bombs, and surprising sources such as hijacked airplanes† (Lacy and Benedek, para.2). Recent horrific incidences such as the Japanese subway attack using Sarin nerve agent, which resulted in the death of thirteen individuals and severely injured several others, have raised the alarm of the possible terrorist use of WMD. In addition, North Korea and other regimes such as Iran have issued threats of possible use of different biological and chemical weapons for causing widespread destruction. Therefore, their use by terrorist organizations is a cause of worry for many nations around the world. Chemical terrorism Chemical wea pons are made from chemical materials with toxic properties and they are meant to injure or incapacitate the enemy, or render a particular place unfit for productive use. Unlike conventional weapons or nuclear weapons, these dangerous weapons do not rely on explosive force to realize their goals; however, they rely on the unique characteristics of the chemicals in causing harm (Croddy Wirtz, 2005). In this century, approximately seventy different chemicals are available that can be used as chemical terrorism agents. During the First World War era, chemical weapons that were used were in the form of gases. In the modern era, however, terrorists can use liquids, solids, or gases having poisonous effects to cause mass casualties. Terrorists can either use persistent or non -persistent chemical weapons to cause destruction. Non-persistent agents, such as chlorine and sarin, stay for a limited period before losing their effectiveness after dissemination; therefore, this makes them to be beneficial for terrorists who want to take over and control a target as fast as possible. On the other hand, persistent agents stay for many days before losing effectiveness.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chemical terrorism can be effected by use of agents that are organized into five different groups based on how they cause harm to the human body. The five categories are blister (vesicant), blood (systemic), choking, nerve, and psychotomimetric agents. Blister agents refer to the chemicals that cause extreme skin, eye, and mucosal pain and irritation resulting in large, aching blisters on parts of the body of those affected. The most common types of blister agents are sulfur mustards and lewisite, and they are heavier than air hence stay in the atmosphere for an extended period of time. Sulfur mustard is inexpensive and easy to manufacture, making it likely to be used by terrorists. The agents readily penetrate the skin causing life-threatening symptoms such as skin pain and irritation, large fluid blisters that are prone to infection, and mild respiratory distress. Since the blister agents are not as lethal as are the nerve agents, they are less likely to be employed by the terrorists. Blood agents, which are cyanide or arsenic based, get into the blood through inhalation or ingestion and cause death in a matter of minutes or seconds by inhibiting the conversion of oxygen into energy. At ambient conditions, the toxic chemical agents are volatile colorless gases, hence are more destructive when terrorists use them in confined areas. They are normally disseminated as aerosols and saturate the blood when inhaled. In order to be effective, terrorists can consider using higher doses of the blood agents that can cause symptoms of dizziness, weakness, and nausea on those affected. Permanent brain damage and muscle paralysis might also occur. A third type of chemical agent is a choking agent, which affect the victims breathing system by leading to a build-up of fluids in the lungs. The fluid-filled lungs render the affected individual unable to breathe and eventually suffocate. When the chemical agents are exposed to the eyes and skin, they corrode the surfaces leading to distorted vision and severe deep burns, and when they are inhaled, they cause multiple complications to the respiratory and the circulatory system. Even though some individuals can survive choking agent attacks, they end up suffering from life-long breathing problems. Currently, some of the choking agents that terrorists might use to achieve their objectives include chlorine gas, chloropicrin, diphosgene, phosgene, and trichloronitromethane.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among these chemical weapon agents, moder n terrorists are likely to use phosgene since it is the most dangerous and since it is denser than air, it can remain in the air for a considerable amount of time. Chlorine is the most common and the degree of damage it causes depends on the level of contact one has with it. It is believed that modern terrorists can try to simulate the massive use of these weapons, which occurred during the First World War. For example, on April 22, 1915, the German forces opened up 168 tons of chlorine gas on their enemies at the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium, which resulted in the death of many unprepared soldiers. The fourth type of chemical agents is the nerve agents, which attack the victim’s nervous system by restricting the movement of the nerve impulses in the body. Therefore, the affected persons are unable to control their muscles, vomit and lose the ability to control their bladder, lungs stop working and they lose their ability to breathe. Eventually, the victims die by asphyx iation as control of the respiratory muscles is lost due to the effects of the agent. A number of the deadly nerve agents are easily vaporized or aerosolized. They mainly enter the victim’s body through the respiratory system and they can also be absorbed through the skin. Since they are considered as some of the most powerful and lethal of all chemical weapons, they have the potential of causing mass casualties when used by terrorist organizations. Nerve agents fall into two classes: G-series, such as tabun and sarin, and V-series, such as VE, VG, and VM. The fifth type of chemical weapons is the psychotomimetic agents, which affects a person’s mind. They make the victim to develop complications in his or her nervous system and reduces his or her ability to make decisions or move. The person becomes disoriented and can have delusions. The types of this agent that terrorists can use include 3-quinuclidinylbenzilate, Phencyclidine, and LSD In order to achieve the intend ed goal of use of chemical weapons, terrorists must ensure that they are effectively delivered or disseminated to the targets since their effectiveness is highly dependent on the prevailing atmospheric conditions as many of them are in gaseous form. Inappropriate weather observations and forecasting reduces their effective delivery. The most probable forms of attack that terrorists might use are dispersion, thermal dissemination, and aerodynamic dissemination. Dispersion techniques, such as the use of munitions, bombs, and spray tanks, are the easiest form of attack since they involve putting the agent on or next to a target immediately before dissemination, with the intention of efficiently using the material. Terrorists can use this technique by opening a container full of poisonous substances in a place full of people, for example, in a city bus stop.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thermal dissemination is a dispersal technique of chemical weapons by the use of explosives or pyrotechnics and it offers the advantage of disseminating the agent over a considerable distance. This may make it preferable to the terrorists over the dispersion technique. In disseminating the chemical agents, terrorists may use bombs or projectile shells, which expel the agent tangentially when detonation occurs. In spite of the limitations of the use of thermal dissemination devices, terrorists can efficiently use them in the early stages of chemical weapon development. Another delivery method is aerodynamic dissemination method in which a chemical weapon is released from an airplane without any explosion. Aerodynamic stress then spreads the agent to the targeted area. Today, terrorists can opt for this method over the thermal dissemination technique since it eliminates some of its limitations. In addition, the advances in technology have allowed ideal conditions to be predetermined b efore disseminating the chemicals through aerodynamics. Biological terrorism Biological terrorism refers to the deliberate use of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, to kill, incapacitate, or seriously cause extensive harm to a person or persons. The biological agents normally exist in nature, but terrorists may try to modify them in order to increase their ability of causing illness or death to individuals. They can also be made to be resistant to medications or easier to move from one place to another. The bioterrorism agents are spread through inanimate materials and they are not easy to detect when present in these means of dispersion. The agents can also take sometime, up to several days, before causing disease. Other significant attributes that make the bio-weapons attractive for terrorists include their ease of acquisition, ease of dissemination, and can cause mass panic and disruption of a society apart from the real harm they can cause. In the past, bioterrorist s have successfully used biological agents to cause harm to innocent people. For example, in 1993, a religious group in Japan tried to aerosolize anthrax spores in Tokyo but the attack was a total failure. Only one person was infected. And in late 2001, letters infected intentionally with anthrax were sent to news media and the United States Congress and resulted in the death of five people. These instances, and many others not mentioned, illustrate that terrorist organizations are ready to obtain and use biological weapons to cause mass casualties. The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) has classified the biological weapons into three different categories based on the degree of danger that every agent can pose to the population. This also depicts how a significant bioterrorism attack can be conducted. Category A consists of high-priority agents that pose a significant risk to national security, â€Å"since they can be easily disseminated or transmitt ed from one person to the other, they have the ability of causing high deaths, are able to result in major public panic and social disruption, and need exceptional action for public health vigilance† (Friedewald, 2006, xxviii). The agents in this category are the ones that terrorists are likely to use for carrying out an attack and they consist of â€Å"tularemia, anthrax, smallpox, botulinum toxin, bubonic plague, and viral hemorrhagic fevers† (Porteus, 2006, para.9). Tularemia or rabbit fever is caused by a very infectious bacterium called Francisella tularensis, which causes fever, localized skin ulcerations, sore throat, systemic infection, and sometimes pneumonia. Infection to individuals is usually caused by breathing or intake of tainted food materials. Since Francisella tularensis widely occurs in nature, terrorists can isolate and grow it in large quantity in a laboratory for carrying out an attack. Anthrax is a non-communicable ailment caused when the spores o f the organism called Bacillus anthracis are inhaled into the lungs where they become active and multiply producing massive bleeding and swelling in the victim’s chest. The person then dies due to blood poisoning. As illustrated in the earlier sections of this paper, terrorists have attempted to use anthrax in several occasions. A highly notorious virus called variola causes smallpox and it is transmitted through the atmosphere from one infected person to the other. Smallpox has a high mortality rate of between twenty to forty percent. Although the World Health Organization declared its complete eradication in 1980, some cultures can still be found in Russia and the U.S. It is believed that the crumple of the Soviet Union made some nations to acquire virus samples of smallpox. This can fall in the hands of terrorists, which they can use to achieve their goals. Other significant threats as forms of biological warfare agents in this category include botulinum toxin and bubonic plague. Category B biological weapons consist of those that are second highest priority agents â€Å"since the terrorists find it moderately easy to disseminate, lead to moderate levels of ailment and low casualty rate, and need specific public-health action such as enhanced diagnostic and detection procedures† (Porteus, 2006, para. 10). Some of these agents or diseases include â€Å"brucellosis, food safety threats such as the Salmonella species, water supply threats such as vibrio cholerae, glanders, ricin, and Q fever† (Porteus, 2006, para. 10). Lastly, Category C is the third highest priority agents. They consist of emerging disease causing organisms that terrorists can modify for mass dissemination. This is because they are readily available, are fairly easy to manufacture and distribute, and are capable of causing mass casualties. Some of these agents or diseases include â€Å"nipah virus, yellow fever, the tickborne hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, and tubercul osis† (Porteus, 2006, para. 11). Probable forms of attack by use of biological weapons exist, but the means of delivery depends on the target chosen and the extent of damage anticipated. The first means of dissemination that terrorists might use is through the air by aerosol sprays. To accomplish the intended goals, a biological weapon must be made airborne so that an individual can be able to inhale a sufficient quantity of the pathogens to cause disease and eventually death. Second, the biological agents can be delivered by use of explosive devices. However, this method is not as effective as aerosolizing the agents since some agents are damaged by the blast leaving about five percent of the agent to reach the intended target. Third, terrorists can deliver them by contaminating food or water. This can be done either at the source or at some point in the distribution process. Another way can be through direct human contact. For example, a number of ricin-tipped umbrellas have been employed in different assassination attempts. Lastly, biological agents can also be delivered indirectly by means of infected animals or inanimate objects. Nuclear terrorism Terrorists’ use of nuclear weapons is the most destructive of all weapons of mass destruction. It involves the terror groups acquisition and use or threat of use of nuclear weapons or materials whereby sustained fission reaction takes place (Cameron, 1999). This implies that nuclear terrorism is confined to the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) or plutonium (Pu); nevertheless, some people use the term to allude to any type of terrorist weapon using radioactive materials, which involves the use of radiological dispersal devices (RDDs). Terror organizations, with the intention of causing mass casualties in a place, can employ RDDs materials, for example, cesium -137, strontium -90, and cobalt-60. These elements are readily available in several places around the world. A significant nuclear terroris m act can be conducted by the use of either of the two basic types of nuclear weapons: those that produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reactions alone or through nuclear fusion reactions alone. Nuclear weapons that give out large quantity of energy by means of nuclear fission reactions are commonly called atomic bombs or atom bombs and their active material is enriched uranium or plutonium. Because of technological advances of this century, terrorists can easily manufacture them by use of either gun assembly or implosion method. The gun assembly method is whereby one piece of fissile uranium is fired into another so as to ignite an exponentially growing nuclear chain reaction. In the implosion method, either uranium or plutonium, or both, are compressed until they reach a critical mass. However, since this method is more complicated than the former, terrorists are less likely to use it in causing mass destruction. The second type of nuclear arsenal that terrorists can consider using is that which produces energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions and they are usually called thermonuclear weapons or hydrogen bombs. The bombs depend entirely on fusion reactions that take place involving the isotopes of hydrogen; though, they obtain a major part of their power from the ensuing fission reactions. In contrast to fission weapons, hydrogen bombs lack inherent limits to the energy they can produce, hence they are more powerful than the uranium- or plutonium-based fission bombs. In a typical thermonuclear weapon, the explosion of a fission bomb compacts and increases the temperature of lithium deuteride, resulting in the emission of neutrons, which strike the lithium atoms leading to the production of tritium. As the temperature of the fission reaction increases, tritium and deuterium are fused together leading to the production of helium and neutrons by both fission and fusion reactions. The reaction then continues through a series of chain reactio ns until it ends in an enormous explosion accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation. In addition to the two basic types of nuclear weapons, there are others that terrorists can consider using. Examples are the boosted fission weapon, which uses fusion reactions to enhance its efficiency, neutron bombs which can be specially designed to yield enormous quantity of neutron radiation, and â€Å"suitcase† bombs which are portable and could be about 48,000 cm3. The probable forms of attack that terrorists can use to deliver the nuclear weapons to their target include the use of gravity bombs, ballistic missiles, or cruise missiles. In order to successful, terrorists must consider the significant costs related to the delivery of nuclear weapons. Gravity bomb, whereby a bomber airplane is used to deliver the weapon, is the most traditional method of delivering nuclear weapons and it is much simpler since it does not offer limitations on the size of the weapon. On the other hand, it restricts the range of attack as well as the number of bombs that can be released. Currently, with the advancement in technology, terrorists can deliver nuclear weapons by the use of strategic bombers, with or without state sponsorship. Terrorists can increase the efficiency of delivering nuclear weapons to targets when they are mounted on missiles, which also lowers the chances of missile defense. Modern technologies, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVS) make the delivery of nuclear weapons possible in any part of the world with maximum accuracy. Cruise missiles have a shorter range and terrorists can target them to any place on the earth. Terrorists can prefer using cruise missiles to ballistic missiles because they are more difficult to detect and they have the ability of maneuvering anti-missile systems. Other potential terrorist forms of attack are the use of artillery shells and land mines. In addit ion to causing harm to individuals through their impact and detonation, nuclear weapons also affect individuals by the enormous quantity of radioactive material that they give out. The radiation can reach people through a number of ways. First, the radiation can reach the body of an individual when it is absorbed through an exposed portion of body parts such as the skin. Second, contamination takes place when radioactive substances gets into the atmosphere as minute particles and get inside the body of a person through the lungs, digestive system, or wounds on the skin. The radioactive substances can be in the form of solids, liquids, or gaseous particles. Lastly, body tissues and organs can be contaminated when they absorb gamma radiation, beta radiation, or alpha radiation. The contamination can occur before radiation drops to trace levels after an explosion has taken place. Radiological weapons Many atomic experts believe that terrorist organizations are likely to prefer using ra diological weapons in causing mass destruction. This is because, in contrast to nuclear bombs, they are able to spread radioactive substances over a wide area. This increases the possibility of causing destruction to people, animals, and infrastructure. A radiological weapon is principally referred to as a dirty bomb or salted bomb as it employs conventional explosives, such as wastes from nuclear power industries, to spread the deadly radioactive material. Because of these reasons, it is not recognized as a true nuclear bomb. Terrorist organizations can successfully employ radiological weapons for causing fear and death in an area with a large number of people. Because of the adverse effects of radiological weapons, they can make areas contaminated by radioactive dusts and smokes to be inhabitable for a considerable period, unless expensive decontamination efforts are carried out. Even though terrorists have not used radiological weapons before, previous incidences have raised the concern that terrorists may acquire and use them for causing mass casualties. For example, some radiological materials planted by Chen rebels were discovered and disarmed in 1995 and 1998. Moreover, some terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, have publicly expressed their willingness to acquire these weapons. Possible means of deployment of the radiological materials include the use of either radiological dispersal devices (RDD), which spreads the material into the environment, or radiological emission devices (RED), which uses an immobile radioactive source to make people come into contact with high levels of radiation. The source of RED can remain undiscovered for a considerable period of time such as the accident that took place in Goiania, Brazil in 1987 in which four people died and several others suffered from contamination effects. Terrorists’ use of RDD is likely to be more catastrophic, causing massive disruption and widespread panic among the population. If the RDD uses a chemical explosive, the preliminary outcome would come from the huge impact used to disperse the radioactive substance, and the radioactive fallout from this little â€Å"dirty bomb† would spread over a wide area. A â€Å"dirty bomb† is easily available to terrorists. It is a conventional chemical explosive laced with lower-grade radioactive substance that spreads when the bomb detonates, and it kills people through the initial impact as wells as through the resulting airborne radiation and contamination. Terrorists can deliver dirty bombs through various devices such as artillery shells, dynamite, and TNT. Radiological weapons can be employed in poisoning animals, aquatic life, and foodstuffs. Since they are not soluble in water, terrorists cannot poison water sources using them. Terror organizations can also launch a systemic attack in a nuclear plant. They can achieve this by overloading the reactor so that it functions as a radiological weapon. Potential terrorist targets The potential terrorist targets by the use of weapons of mass destruction are inexhaustible. If the chosen target will make the terrorist to realize his or her objectives, then is a viable quarry. Ideal targets may consist of, but not limited to, a place where there is large gatherings of individuals, packed stadiums, restaurants, office buildings, shopping malls, trains, subway systems, airliners, dams, oil refineries, seaports, nuclear power plants, and hazardous cargo on trucks and trains. It is important to note that terrorists may find some targets to be more attractive than others may be. For instance, a bus stop with no people may be less attractive to a terrorist than a full bus stop on a busy Monday. In using weapons of mass destruction, a terrorist is attracted to highly populated targets where many people can lose their lives and excessive damage on infrastructure can occur. The modern terrorist is usually attracted to symbolic targets; that is, places considered to be the might of a country. The September 11 attacks on the U.S. soil illustrate this. The terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center, which symbolized the economic strength of the U.S. and also represented the globalization that Muslim fundamentalists found to be so objectionable. Soft targets; that is, places that are poorly defended, also rank high on the modern terrorist’s target list. Examples are institutions of learning, hospitals, and shopping malls. These places are highly vulnerable to terrorists’ attack by the use of weapons of mass destruction since they lack adequate physical security necessary to deter terrorist. Conclusion To this end, it is clear that terrorists’ use of weapons of mass destruction is a major threat that must be countered in this century. Nevertheless, efforts can be made to counter its effects by adopting appropriate measures for prevention, detection, and action. Terrorism will not be completely obliterated from th e face of the earth if individuals settle down and stop making efforts to win the war that has been fought since the beginning of recorded history. This calls for establishment of drastic measures that can prevent them from obtaining or accessing chemical, biological, nuclear, or radiological weapons. Consequently, with the adoption of these counter strategies, the war on terror can be won significantly. Reference List Cameron, G. (1999). Nuclear terrorism : a threat assessment for the 21st century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Croddy, E., Wirtz, J. J. (2005). Weapons of mass destruction : an encyclopedia of  worldwide policy, technology, and history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. Friedewald, V. (2006). Clinical guide to bioweapons and chemical agents. Notre Dame, Indiana: Springer Verlag. Lacy, T. K., Benedek, D. M. (2003, July). Terrorism and Weapons of Mass  Destruction: Managing the Behavioral Reaction in Primary Care. Medscape Today. Retrieved from https://www.medscap e.com/viewarticle/452845 Porteus, L. (2006, June). Weapons of Mass Destruction Handbook. Fox News. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/ This essay on Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat was written and submitted by user Madeleine U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.